What's the difference between financial aid and a grant?

financial aid, grants, loans
As gifts, grants may leave you financially better off when you finish school. See more college pictures.
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Many new challenges await you as you start college, but one of the first you'll face is finding a way to pay for it. And with the cost of tuition for higher education continuing to rise, securing federal financial aid may be more important than ever [source: New York Times]. But how do you know what type to apply for? Often, when people talk about financial aid, they're referring to federal student loans, but the word "grant" is thrown around too. So, what's the difference?

Student loans and grants fall into two different, broad categories of financial aid: loans and gifts. It's important to recognize this distinction, because it's one that may affect you for years to come, long after you've left school. Basically, you'll have to pay back any education loans you receive, with interest, after you graduate. Federal education grants, however, are gifts -- financial awards that are given to you at no cost and do not have to be paid back in the future.

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Being -- in a sense -- "free money," grants certainly seem like the preferable option. But not just anyone can qualify for these awards. Federal grants are mostly need-based, and they have eligibility requirements. Take the Pell Grant, for example. Designed by the U.S. Congress to be the "foundation" of financial aid, Pell Grants are the primary type of federal grant. As such, additional federal grants are often attainable only after a student receives a Pell Grant. Pell Grant awards are based on financial need and usually go to students with an annual family income below $40,000 (though technically there's no income threshold for eligibility) [source: The Project on Student Debt]. Additional grants students may receive include supplemental, merit-based and degree-specific grants, but many of these are available only to Pell Grant recipients. You can learn more about these other grants from the sidebar "Grant Lowdown" on the next page.

Federal loans may be offered as supplemental support to students with grants. However, they are also financial aid alternatives for students who may not be eligible for need-based grants, but still need some help paying for school. Since most federal grants are awarded to undergrads, loans often offer much-needed financial support to graduate students as well. The most common student loan is the Federal Stafford Loan, which has two different versions: subsidized and unsubsidized. With subsidized loans, the federal government pays any interest that accrues while a student is enrolled at least half-time and during deferment periods, while with unsubsidized loans, students are responsible for paying all interest that builds up while they're in school.

As with federal grants, subsidized loans usually go to students with financial need, but unlike grants, they still have to be paid back. A student doesn't have to prove financial need to receive an unsubsidized loan, but the interest rate and repayment terms are not as favorable as those connected to subsidized loans.

Though federal grants and loans differ in eligibility requirements and whether they have to be repaid, the application process for both is essentially the same. Keep reading to find out how to apply for financial aid.

 

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Applying for Federal Loans and Grants

Keeping up with the differences in various grant and loan awards may be complicated, but applying for them is relatively simple. When you put your hat in for federal financial aid, you do so with one form: The Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA). FAFSA is a U.S. Department of Education form that determines your eligibility for student aid. It includes a lot of personal questions about your family's tax returns and annual income -- and you'll want to dot all of your "i's" and cross your "t's" here, for sure. Your answers to these questions are important, because they determine your Expected Family Contribution (EFC), which is how much you are reasonably expected to contribute to the cost of your education.

The total amount of money you receive in aid -- including grants, loans, or a combination of both -- will depend on both your EFC and the total expenses (tuition and fees) per term at a particular institution. If your EFC is low, your financial need is considered greater. The greater your financial need, the more likely you are to receive one or more federal grants, or a subsidized federal student loan.

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Your college's financial aid department will also review your GPA and course registration to see whether the combination of your scholastic record and EFC qualify you for merit-based or degree-specific grants. After completing a FAFSA before your first year of school, you'll need to fill out FAFSA renewal forms annually. However, since your EFC may change from year to year, it's possible to receive certain grants one year and not the next, and the combination of grants and loans you receive can also change on an annual basis.

Now that you know the difference between federal education loans and grants, read on for lots more information about financial aid.

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Lots More Information

Related HowStuffWorks Articles
More Great Links

  • EducationGrant. "Academic Competitiveness Grant (ACG)." (March 10, 2010)http://www.educationgrant.com/grants/academic-competitiveness-grant-acg/
  • EducationGrant. "FSEOG." (March 10, 2010)http://www.educationgrant.com/grants/fseog/
  • EducationGrant. "National SMART Grant." (March 10, 2010)http://www.educationgrant.com/grants/national-smart-grant/
  • EducationGrant. "Pell Grants." (March 10, 2010)http://www.educationgrant.com/grants/pell-grants/
  • EducationGrant. "Private Student Loans." (March 10, 2010)http://www.educationgrant.com/student-loans/private-student-loans/
  • EducationGrant. "State-Sponsored Grants." (March 10, 2010)http://www.educationgrant.com/grants/state-sponsored-grants/
  • EducationGrant. "TEACH Grant." (March 10, 2010)http://www.educationgrant.com/grants/teach-grant/
  • Guide to Career Education. "Paying for Your Career Education Through Grants." (March 10, 2010)http://www.guidetocareereducation.com/financial-aid/career-education-through-grants
  • Lewin, Tamar. "College May Become Unaffordable for Most in U.S." New York Times. December 4, 2008. (March 10, 2010)http://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/03/education/03college.html
  • Mercer, Charmaine. "Federal Pell Grant Program of the Higher Education Act: Background and Reauthorization." CRS Report for Congress. The Project on Student Debt. May 31, 2005. (March 17, 2010)http://projectonstudentdebt.org/files/pub/Pell%20Grants.pdf
  • Scholarships.com. "Federal Pell Grants." (March 10, 2010)http://www.scholarships.com/financial-aid/federal-aid/federal-pell-grants.aspx
  • U.S. Department of Education. "Application Deadlines." January 30, 2010. (March 10, 2010)http://www.fafsa.ed.gov/before003a.htm
  • U.S. Department of Education. "Campus-Based Aid." November 25, 2009. (March 10, 2010)http://studentaid.ed.gov/PORTALSWebApp/students/english/campusaid.jsp
  • U.S. Department of Education. "FAFSASM Information." December 10, 2009. (March 10, 2010)http://studentaid.ed.gov/PORTALSWebApp/students/english/fafsa.jsp?tab=funding
  • U.S. Department of Education. "FAQs: Applying for Aid." January 30, 2010. (March 10, 2010)http://www.fafsa.ed.gov/faq002.htm
  • U.S. Department of Education. "Federal Aid First." March 4, 2009. (March 10, 2010)http://federalstudentaid.ed.gov/federalaidfirst/
  • U.S. Department of Education. "Federal Pell Grant." January 11, 2010. (March 10, 2010)http://studentaid.ed.gov/PORTALSWebApp/students/english/PellGrants.jsp?tab=funding
  • U.S. Department of Education. Funding Education Beyond High School: The Guide to Student Aid 2009-10. "What You Should Know Before You Apply." December 2008. (March 10, 2010)http://studentaid.ed.gov/students/publications/student_guide/2009-2010/english/typesofFSA_loans.htm
  • U.S. Department of Education. "PLUS Loans (Parent Loans)." October 27, 2009. (March 10, 2010)http://studentaid.ed.gov/PORTALSWebApp/students/english/parentloans.jsp?tab=funding
  • U.S. Department of Education. "Stafford Loans (FFELs and Direct Loans)." November 25, 2009. (March 10, 2010)http://studentaid.ed.gov/PORTALSWebApp/students/english/studentloans.jsp

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