Can the President Control Gas Prices?

high gas prices in california — When gas prices are high (as shown at this Garden Grove, California, pump on March 7, 2022), people think the president should be able to lower them. But is this reality? Jeff Gritchen/MediaNews Group/Orange County Register via Getty Images

Critics of any U.S. president are quick to blame the commander in chief for things that are totally beyond his or her control. (Of course, presidents and their supporters are equally quick to take credit for things that are beyond their control.) The price of gasoline is a perfect example. In fact, one Pew research study showed that Democrats believe the president can control gas prices when a Republican president is in the White House but not when a Democrat is in the White House. Republicans also believed the president controlled gas prices when a Democrat occupied the White House, but not when a Republican did.

The truth is that no president — Democrat or Republican, friend of "Big Oil" or supporter of alternative fuels — can do much of anything to affect the short-term price of oil, and therefore gasoline. The overriding factor that determines the price of oil from day to day is the market principle of supply and demand [source: U.S. Energy Information Administration]. It comes down to simple economics: When demand is greater than supply, prices rise.

The actual price of a barrel of oil is constantly changing, since oil is a commodity that is traded on the futures market. Buying and selling oil futures is called speculating, because you're making trades based on expectations of future supply and demand.

And for a while, demand was skyrocketing. After the Great Recession ended, demand steadily increased as the global economy recovered and kicked back into high gear. To match that demand, U.S. oil production rose dramatically from around 5,000 barrels a day in 2009 to a record high of 13,100 barrels a day in early 2020 [source: Macrotrends]. Thanks in large part to the drilling technology called hydraulic fracturing (or "fracking"), American oil producers were able to keep pace with demand and keep gasoline prices stable.

But crude oil went as high as $130.50 a barrel overnight on March 6, 2022, before settling at around $120 a barrel. The $130.50 price was the highest since 2008, just before the Great Recession caused a huge drop in demand. The spike was due to the "market reacting to supply disruptions stemming from Russia’s ongoing invasion of Ukraine and the possibility of a ban on Russian oil and natural gas," CNBC reported. On March 8, Joe Biden announced that the U.S. was banning sales of Russian oil because of Russia's Ukraine invasion.

So if gasoline prices are largely at the mercy of global fluctuations in supply and demand, what can a president actually do, if anything, to influence gas prices? Find out next.

Gas Prices and the Oil Supply

What about increasing the oil supply? Can't the president boost U.S. production? It's true that aggressive increases in U.S. oil production would bring the global supply closer to the demand for oil. However, the U.S. is such a small player on the international oil scene — America controls only 4 percent of the world's oil reserves — that even if the U.S. doubled its current production capacity, it still wouldn't make much of a dent [sources: NS Energy, Thaler]. It would also take a number of years to assemble the drilling rigs, pipelines and crew to make that type of production increase, meaning oil prices would be unaffected in the short term.

The only way the president can quickly boost the oil supply to lower gasoline prices is by tapping the Strategic Petroleum Reserve, an emergency stockpile of more than 700 million barrels of crude oil stored along the U.S. Gulf Coast (a barrel of oil equals about 159 liters, or 42 gallons).

In June 2011, President Barack Obama released 30 million barrels of oil from the emergency reserves in response to crises in Libya and Yemen. President George Bush also tapped the reserves in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina, temporarily lowering gas prices 10 to 15 percent [source: The New York Times]. Experts agree, however, that these reserves should be used for emergencies only (like natural disasters), not employed as temporary relief to market-driven problems.

When President Biden announced the ban on Russian oil, he acknowledged that this could make gas prices higher in the U.S. even though Russian oil only makes up 8 percent of liquid fuel imports, Reuters reported. Biden said he would do all he could to keep fuel prices lower. Officials in his administration are looking into replacing Russian oil with oil from other countries. Biden also is tapping the strategic oil reserve, but experts think it won't do much to make the price go down or else that the relief will be temporary.

One other way the president can influence gas prices is by changing the gasoline tax, which is currently at 18.4 cents a gallon. But this has been unchanged since 1993 and is not likely to move as there are a lot of political implications involved with raising or lowering it [source: Rapier].

Gas Prices FAQ

Who controls the price of gas?

The price of natural gas in the U.S. mainly depends on the market’s supply and demand. Crude oil is used in refineries to make gasoline, so the cost of this also dictates the price of gas.

What makes gas prices go up?

High crude oil prices make the gas prices go up. More accurately, 54 percent of the price of gasoline is affected by the cost of oil, while the remaining 46 percent is affected by distribution, marketing, refining and taxes.

What is the average U.S. gas price?

It fluctuates greatly depending on market conditions. In March 2022 it is over $4.00.

Lots More Information

Author's Note: Can the President Control Gas Prices?

While gas prices might be a controversial topic for politicians, it's an easy one for economists. Virtually all economists agree that the U.S. president has very little control over the global price of crude oil, and therefore the local price of gasoline. If we can't rely on our leaders to help lower our fuel costs, we should rely on ourselves. The hard truth is that it's within our power to decrease the amount we spend on gas simply by driving less. I say it's a hard truth, because like most of you I depend on my car for all sorts of "important" things and resist the idea of cutting back. If I could afford a brand-new hybrid, I'd buy one in a heartbeat. In the meantime, the best thing I can do to lower gas prices is to lower the demand, one "staycation" at a time.

How Gas Prices Work
Why Gasoline Prices Vary From Station to Station
5 Most Coveted Offshore Oil Reserves
How Oil Refining Works

Sources

Associated Press. "Gas Prices Fall to $2.25 per Gallon on Average in U.S." Time. Oct. 11, 2020 (Nov. 9, 2020) https://time.com/5899073/gasoline-price-covid-19/
Laskoski, Gregg. "The Strategic Petroleum Reserve Won't Help Obama With Gas Prices." U.S. News and World Report. March 21, 2012 (Nov. 9, 2020) http://www.usnews.com/opinion/blogs/on-energy/2012/03/21/the-strategic-petroleum-reserve-wont-help-obama-with-gas-prices
Macrotrends. "U.S. Crude Oil Production – Historical Chart." (Nov. 9, 2020) https://www.macrotrends.net/2562/us-crude-oil-production-historical-chart
The New York Times Editorial Board. "Tapping the Oil Reserve." June 25, 2011 (Nov. 9, 2020) http://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/26/opinion/sunday/26sun3.html?ref=strategicpetroleumreserveus
NS Energy. "Top ten countries, with the world's largest oil reserves, from Venezuela to Iraq." Nov. 4, 2020 (Nov. 9, 2020) https://www.nsenergybusiness.com/features/newstop-ten-countries-with-worlds-largest-oil-reserves-5793487/
Rainey, James. "Trump claim credit for cheap gas. Experts say it's not so simple." NBC News. Jan. 2, 2019. (Nov. 9, 2020) https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/politics-news/trump-claims-credit-cheap-gas-experts-say-it-s-not-n953626
Sommer, Jeff. "Gas Price Disparity Seems Here to Stay." The New York Times. March 10, 2012 (Nov. 9, 2020) http://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/11/your-money/gasoline-price-disparity-seems-here-to-stay-strategies.html?ref=strategicpetroleumreserveus
Thaler, Richard. "Why Gas Prices Are Out of Any President's Control." The New York Times. March 31, 2012 (Nov. 9, 2020) http://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/01/business/gas-prices-are-out-of-any-presidents-control.html
The U.S. Energy Information Administration. "What's up (and down) with gasoline prices?" February 14, 2012 (May 16, 2012) http://www.eia.gov/tools/faqs/faq.cfm?id=1&t=10
Yetiv, Steve. "Why Obama can't control gas prices." The Christian Science Monitor. April 18, 2012 (Nov. 9, 2020) http://www.csmonitor.com/Commentary/Opinion/2012/0418/Why-Obama-can-t-control-gas-prices